PhD Aleksandra Bawiec |
|
Degree/Title |
PhD – Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 2019 Msc – Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 2013 MSc – Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 2012 Eng. – Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 2010 |
Short Bio |
Research and teaching worker at the Institute of Environmental Engineering. Member of the Leading Research Team - Water-Climate-Environment (WCE). Sanitary technology specialist. The main scientific interests are wastewater treatment in semi-natural systems, especially in hydroponic systems using the technique of plants lighting with a wavelength corresponding to the wavelength of PAR - photosynthetically active radiation. Scientific activity is also related to the issues of wastewater treatment with a difficult physicochemical composition and the assessment and improvement of water quality from urban water reservoirs. In 2014, she lectured as part of the Teacher Mobility (Intensive Program) Eco-agroturism program at the Mendel University in Brno (Czech Republic). In 2015, she completed a six-month research internship at the University of Braunschweig (Germany), improving her knowledge and practical skills in the field of solar sludge drying. Co-author in studies commissioned by business entities (including Expertise of the causes of improper wastewater treatment in sewage treatment plants installed at motor rest areas on expressways). Winner of the UPWr Rector's awards in the organizational and scientific field. Participant of many trainings, workshops and postgraduate studies enabling the improvement of professional competences. |
Research interest |
Semi-natural wastewater treatment systems, hydroponic wastewater treatment systems, nature based solutions (NBS), urban water quality |
Teaching/Training |
|
Projects |
|
Ewa Burszta-Adamiak |
|
Degree/Title |
PhD Eng., Wrocław University of Science and Technology PhD., Wrocław University of Science and Technology |
Short Bio | A teaching and research staff member in Institute of Environmental Engineering, manager of Division of Infrastructure and Sanitary Technologies, leader of the Water-Climate-Environment (WCE) Leading Research Team. Specialist in water and sanitary engineering issues. Her scientific activity is related to sustainable rainwater and snowmelt management in urban areas, with particular attention to quantitative and qualitative aspects of functioning of green-blue infrastructure solutions, i.e. green roofs, rain gardens and rainwater retention reservoirs. She was, among others, a member of the team preparing the Polish Atlas of Rainfall Intensities (PANDa), content coordinator of the " Guidelines of good practices" regarding rainwater retention, management and use in built-up areas, which were developed in cooperation with the Wrocław Municipality and editor of the "Guidelines for green roofs" FLL, published in cooperation with experts from the Association of Flat Roof and Facade Contractors (DAFA). Participant of numerous training courses and workshops allowing to update knowledge and improve professional competences. |
Research interest | rainwater, nature-based solutions (NBS), runoff quality, integrated urban water management, urban climate change resilience |
Teaching |
Treatment and management of rainwater (course in Polish), Environmental Engineering, II, II cycle, specialisation Sanitary Technology Sanitary systems (course in Polish), Environmental Engineering, II, II cycle, specialisation Sanitary Technology Water and sewage networks (course in Polish), Environmental Engineering, III, I cycle CAD/GIS design, Land Management, III, I cycle Technical and planning drawing, Land Management, I, I cycle Engineering graphics (course in Polish and in English for Polish and Erasmus students), Geodesy and cartography, I, I cycle |
Training |
09.2021: Digital Teacher's Handbook, Resource and Teaching Support Centre (Lifelong Learning and Training Section at UPWr) 04.2021: How to use modern technologies to improve the quality of teaching in secondary schools and universities?, Devoteam Company 03-06.2020 Workshop on quicklook/brokertechnology valuation. POWER at UPWR - a comprehensive university development programme. 12.2019-02.2020: Research group management. European Funds; Knowledge, Education, POWER at UPWR - a comprehensive university development programme. 03.2016 Training for designers and technical supervision in : Green roofs in ZinCo technology, GCL Sp. Zo.o. and PSDZ 04-05.2011: Two-level course in English: Level 1: Introduction to sustainable development, Level 2: Applications of sustainable development, Sendzimir Foundation 07.2011: XIV International Summer School "Challenges of Sustainable Development in Poland 2011". Sendzimir Foundation |
Projects |
Research: Since 2020: Investigator in „Integrated water management in small agricultural catchments (WaterAgri)” ; Horizon 2020 Framework Programme Since 2020: Investigator in „Framework for Organizational Decision-Making Process in Water Reuse for Smart Cities (SMART-WaterDomain)”; National Centre for Research and Development (NCBiR) under EIG CONCERT-Japan Program 2017-2018: Investigator in "Development and implementation of the Polish Atlas of Rainfall Intensity (PANDa)”; National Centre for Research and Development under the Operational Programme Intelligent Development 2014 – 2020 2018: Investigator in „A mobile system for precision injection irrigation and fertilization meeting the individual requirements of plants (MSINiN)”; National Centre for Science and Development under the “Environment, agriculture and forestry” – BIOSTRATEG III strategic R&D programme 2018-2019 2009-2014: Investigator in „Water Absorbing Geocomposites – Innovative Technologies to Support Plant Vegetation (GEOSAP)”; The European Regional Development Fund under the Innovative Economy Operational Programme 2007-2013. 2012-2014: Investigator in „Introduction of Water Footprint (WFTP) approach in urban area to monitor, evaluate and improve the water use (URBAN_WFTP)”; The European Regional Development Fund under the Central Europe Programme Function 2012-2014 Education: 10.2021-03.2022: Investigator of the Task 9: Preparation of substantive open educational resources in the project entitled "POWER at UPWr - comprehensive university development programme"; The European Social Fund 2014 - 2020. 2018-2019: Menager of the task „Water footprint as a tool for education, integration and initiating actions for local water resources protection”; Operational Program Infrastructure and Environment 2014-2020. |
Bogna Buta |
|
Degree/Title |
MSc. - Technical Physics, Nanoengineering (2017), Wrocław University of Technology, MSc. - Safety Engineering (2018), Water Engineering and Management (2020), Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences |
Short Bio | PhD student at the Institute of Environmental Engineering, Department of Hydrology and Water Management, member of the Doctoral Students' Council of UPWr and representative of doctoral students in the UPWr Senate and the Senate Scientific Research Committee, the Council of Discipline of Environmental Engineering, Mining and Energy. Representative of UPWr doctoral students in the National Representation of Doctoral Students and the PhD Students Alliance of Wrocław Universities. She actively participated in many scientific and technical conferences and worked in the organizational committees of university and inter-university conferences. In research work, she deals with the issues of water quality in retention reservoirs. In the years 2019-2021, she was a contractor in the project "Innovative method of improving water quality in multifunctional retention reservoirs" financed under the BIOSTRATEG program (NCBiR). She also has experience in research related to the implementation of innovative methods of improving water quality in water reservoirs and environmental monitoring. |
Research interest | water quality, environmental impact, water management |
Teaching/Training |
|
Projects |
2019–2021: Contractor in the BIOSTRATEG research project "An innovative method of improving water quality in multifunctional retention reservoirs" (National Center for Research and Development), BIOSTRATEG3 / 343733/15 / NCBR / 2018, project manager: Proffesor Mirosław Wiatkowski, project value: PLN 9.9 million, implementing entities: Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Art Strefa Wrocław, University of Opole, Institute of Technology and Life Sciences in Falenty |
MSc. Eng. Sylwia Charazińska |
|
Degree/Title |
MSc. Eng. - Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences |
Short Bio | Her doctoral thesis on nickel removal from chromium-nickel steel processing wastewater is being carried out at the Institute of Environmental Engineering. Member of the Water-Climate-Environment (WCE) Leading Research Group. Her scientific activity is focused on the treatment of industrial wastewater containing, among others, heavy metal ions. She deals with issues related to sorption of pollutants from aqueous solutions with particular emphasis on the use of sorption materials of natural origin. She participated in the IonsMonit project which aimed at developing, based on laboratory and industrial tests, a novel multifactorial mathematical model for monitoring contamination of baths used in electropolishing of austenitic stainless steels. The model is expected to enable optimization and reduction of process costs and environmental pollution during electropolishing of stainless steel |
Research interest | Industrial wastewater treatment, heavy metal removal, sorption with use of organic materials |
Teaching/Training |
|
Projects |
|
PhD Magdalena Domańska |
|
Degree/Title |
PhD |
Short Bio |
In 2006 she completed an M.Sc. program in the field of Environmental Engineering, specialization Sanitary Engineering at Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences and awarded the degree of Master Engineer. During study she took two months internship at Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant. After study she was working at Community Office at the Department of Municipal Economy, Infrastructure and Environmental Protection. In the years 2006 – 2010 she was continued PhD studies at the University and on November 17th, 2010 she awarded the honours degree of PhD in water treatment specialization. The title of her dissertation was “Kinetics of Change in the Concentrations of Chlorine and Chlorine Dioxide in water Distribution Systems”. She participated in scientific conferences in Poland and abroad.From May to September 2012 she completed an 18 weeks internship at the Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Process Engineering – Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus, Germany. During her stay she participated in the scientific and research activity at the Institute of Environmental Engineering doing laboratory research and studies on optimization of nanofiltration membranes durability by cleaning process and evaluations of different membrane cleaning conditions. From 2011 she has been working at the Environmental Engineering Institute at Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, as an assistant of professor.Further cooperation with a research center in Germany resulted in joint publications and implementation of the Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) method at our University.Her interests are related to water and wastewater treatment technology as well as fluorescent methods for staining microorganisms.She conducts classes in the design of sanitary installations and has contributed to the creation of a training installation for students in the field of hydraulic balancing. |
Research interest | water and wastewater technology, activated sludge, Anammox, membrane processes, fluorescent staining, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) |
Teaching/Training |
|
Projects |
|
Robert Glowski |
|
Degree/Title |
1992 – MSc. 2000 – PhD 2019 – Postdoctoral degree |
Short Bio | Professional and scientific activity mainly concerns the issues of sediment movement in rivers and water reservoirs, silting of water reservoirs, morphological changes and hydraulics of river beds, taking into account the influence of vegetation, hydraulics of hydrotechnical facilities, flood phenomena, instalations water supply and sewage systems, instalations with the use of renewable energy sources and hydrotransport, numerical modeling with the use of Hec-RAS, MIKE programs |
Research interest | Erosion, transport and sedimentation of sediment in rivers and water reservoirs, morphological changes in river valleys and river beds, properties of coarse-grained and fine-grained sediment, physical and rheological properties of fine-grained river and reservoir sediments, river bed hydraulics including the impact of vegetation, changes in water quality caused by the transport of suspended and bed load, hydraulics of hydrotechnical structures, hydraulic modeling in rivers and hydrotechnical structures, water and sewage systems and central heating, use of renewable energies, |
Teaching/Training |
|
Projects |
|
PhD Maciej Filip Gruszczyński |
|
Degree/Title |
PhD - Silesian University of Technology BEng, MSc -Wroclaw University of Science and Technology |
Short Bio |
2005 - Graduation of the Faculty of Civil Engineering at the Wroclaw University of Science and Technology. Specialization in Water Construction, Geotechnics and Hydrotechnics 2006 - 2013 Work at KGHM PM S.A. Department Hydrotechnical Department as Department Manager / Deputy Head of the Hydrotechnical Complex 2013- still Scientific and didactic employee of UPWr 2014/2015 - three-month scientific internship at TU Delft, Delft University of Technology, Departament of Maririme and Transportation Technology (M&TT). Refulation Institute, Delft, The Netherlands. The internship supervisor, dr. Arno Talmon 2016/2017 - two-month research internship: Minzu University of China, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China. Internship supervisor prof. Xia Jianxin |
Research interest | Hydrotransport, tailings storage facilities, non-Newtonian liquids, research on physical and numerical models, measurement systems in hydraulics |
Teaching/Training |
|
Projects |
|
Joanna Kajewska-Szkudlarek |
|
Degree/Title |
Ph.D. – Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences (2011) |
Short Bio | Research and teaching employee at the Institute of Environmental Engineering. Joanna Kajewska-Szkudlarek obtained an M.A. degree in geography in the field of meteorology and climatology in 2006 (University of Wrocław), and in 2011 a Ph.D. degree in agricultural sciences in the discipline of environmental development and protection (Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences). From 2012, she was employed at the Institute of Environmental Development and Protection and from 2013 until now at the Institute of Environmental Engineering (Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences).
In 2005-2017, her scientific interests included topics related to meteorology and climatology, and since 2017 she has focused on issues related to sanitary infrastructure and technology, and environmental engineering. Her research concerns time series forecasting to optimize the operation of water and heat supply systems and modelling natural phenomena (in the field of meteorology and climatology, air quality, and groundwater resources) using modern methods of data mining and computational intelligence (CI).In 2014, she completed an eight-month research internship at the Institute of Meteorology of University of Leipzig.She is a board member of Wrocław section of Polish Geophysical Society. |
Research interest | time series, computational intelligence, meteorology and climatology, groundwater, air quality, water and heat supply systems, forecasting |
Teaching/Training |
|
Projects |
|
Dr hab. eng. Robert Kasperek |
|
Degree/Title |
Dr hab. - University of Life Sciences in Wroclaw PhD - Agricultural University in Wrocław MSc. - Agricultural University in Wrocław |
Short Bio | Research and teaching worker at the Institute of Environmental Engineering, engineering and technical sciences, the discipline of environmental engineering, mining and energy. In 2017-21, he was the deputy director of the Institute and head of the Department of Water Engineering and Hydrotransport. Author of 91 scientific publications, manager and executor of 50 projects and studies for the national economy, KBN, Ministry of Science and Higher Education, NCN, NCBiR and local government units, promoter of 150 master's and engineering theses in the field of hydraulics and modeling water flow in open channels and through hydrotechnical structures, operation of facilities water, water engineering and management, hydropower, sediment movement and waterways. He participated in 16 international and national research programs. He was an expert in project evaluation under the Sectoral Operational Program Infrastructure and Environment 2007-2013. He participated in European and national programs: 5th Framework Program of the European Union WP9, Intergovernmental Polish-Flemish research project, International Polish-French Program POLONIUM, International Polish-French research project CEMAGREF, Sectoral Operational Program Fisheries and fish processing 2004-2006, Sectoral Operational Program Infrastructure and Environment 2007-2013, Innovative Economy Program 2007-2013. He is a member of the Society for the Development of Small Hydroelectric Power Plants. |
Research interest | Water engineering and management, hydropower, sediment transport in rivers and reservoirs, inland waterways, hydrotechnical structure, hydraulic modeling |
Teaching/Training |
|
Projects |
|
Krzysztof Lejcuś |
|
Degree/Title |
dr hab. (Assoc. Prof.) - Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 2017 dr - Wrocław Agricultural University, 2003 |
Short Bio | Researcher at the Institute of Environmental Engineering. Member of the Leading Research Team - Water-Climate-Environment (WCE). He deals with the problems of water shortage and the possibilities of rational management of water resources in soil. The result of this work is a water sorbing geocomposite (WAG). This technology allows to reduce water consumption, contributes to increasing the biomass of cultivated plants and improve the development of their root system. The developed geocomposite can be used on the slopes of flood embankments where it increases their safety in the cultivation of berry plants, urban greenery, and in the construction of green roofs. The solution was patented in the EU and is produced under trademark Hydrobox. Head of the team developing two "Good Practice Catalogs" for retention, management and use of rainwater. For his activities, prof. Lejcuś was awarded the Award of the Minister of Science and Higher Education for outstanding inventive achievements in the international arena. In 2020, prof. Krzysztof Lejcuś was awarded the Polish Intelligent Development Award in the "Scientist of the future - application research" category. |
Research interest | Water-absorbing geocomposites (WAG), polymer superabsorbents, retention, anti-erosion protection, rainwater, nature-based solutions (NBS), adaptation to climate change. |
Teaching/Training |
- Workshops in the field of technology valuation using the quicklook / technology broker method. POWER at UPWR - a comprehensive university development program. - Research group management. European funds; Knowledge, Education, Development. POWER at UPWR - a comprehensive university development program. - Public finances in practice. APEXnet Group. Organizer of OPI. - Training "Intellectual property protection in Poland, the EU and the USA - step by step to obtain a patent". Szczecin Maritime University. Szczecin. - Training in the field of "Public procurement law after the amendments of November 5, 2009 and December 2, 2009 " "TEGRA" Public Procurement. Wroclaw. - Completed ArcGIS I and Arc GIS II courses - ESRI Polska. Warsaw. |
Projects |
2017 - 2021. Project manager of "Hydrobox2.0 - an innovative technology supporting water saving and plant vegetation". Project no. POIR.04.01.04-00-0061 /16. 2009-2014. Originator and coordinator of the project "Water-absorbing geocomposites - innovative technologies supporting plant vegetation (GEOSAP)", European Regional Development Funds under the Operational Program Innovative Economy 2007-2013. 2020 – present. Project manager on the part of UPWr in the project "Adaptation and implementation of an innovative water treatment technology in a closed irrigation system with the use of biological protection agents and biostimulators on the example of large-fruited cranberry". Rural Development Program 2014 - 2020, Measure "Cooperation" - " Supporting innovation, cooperation and development of the knowledge base in rural areas ". 2021 - contractor in the project "Innovation Incubator 4.0" - a program of the Minister of Education and Science implemented from the funds of the European Regional Development Fund under the non-competitive project entitled "Support for the management of scientific research and commercialization of R&D results in research units and enterprises". Measure 4.4 Intelligent Development Operational Program 2014-2020. 2020 - present. The contractor in the project "Innovative technology for the production of plug plant and long cane berry seedlings with a high productivity factor on the example of raspberry and thornless blackberry" (contract No. 00032.DDD.6509.00013.2019.07), under Measure 16 "Cooperation" of the Rural Development Program 2014-2020 ". 2019. Member of the Program Council. BioSciUniversity. "Strategy of Excellence - Research University", UPWr. 2006-2007 - main contractor in the project "Application of ultrafine clay-based binders to make waterproofing screens" implemented by Przedsiębiorstwo Robót Geologiczno-Wiertniczych G. Janik & R. Kuś sp. J. Together with UPWr, IMGW-PIB and AGH. |
Jakub Misiewicz |
|
Degree/Title |
M.Sc. |
Short Bio | PhD student, senior technician at the Institute of Environmental Engineering. Member of the lead research team – Water-Climate-Environment (WCE). Specializes in laboratory studies on the cooperation between superabsorbent polymers and soils. Focuses particular attention to the effects that occur under practical conditions of environmental applications, i. e. absorbency under load, swelling pressure, dynamic changes in the coefficient of permeability. Member of the team responsible for creating two “Catalogues of Best Practices” for the management and use of rainwater. His scientific work focuses on the application of innovative research methods and modern solutions to improve the water conditions in soil for the development of plants. |
Research interest | Superabsorbent polymers, rainwater retention, soil mechanics, soil water storage |
Projects |
|
Katarzyna Pawęska |
|
Degree/Title |
Ph.D of agricultural science with habilitation in the discipline of environmental management Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, |
Short Bio | Research and teaching worker in Institute of Environmental Engineering. Member of the Water-Climate-Environment (WCE) Leading Research Team. The main research and science areas: water and wastewater management, including wastewater treatment using the constructed wetland technology and wastewater treatment with a difficult physicochemical composition. Professional experience obtained during an internship carried out in wastewater treatment plant and cooperating with water authorities. Her scientific interests and research are focused on the new solutions aimed at improving local water conditions and improving the effects of water and wastewater treatment, in particular with the use of floating islands and advanced systems of wastewater treatment (constructed wetland). Certified academic tutor, participant of the Masters of Didactics 2 program (implemented at UPWr), a supporter of innovations in teaching methods, including PBL - Problem Based Learning methods. |
Research interest | WWTPs (wastewater treatment plants), constructed wetland technology, hydroponic technology, floating islands, treatment of wastewater with high concentration of ammonium nitrogen, urban water |
Teaching/Training |
|
Projects |
|
Ph.D. Eng. Justyna Stańczyk |
|
Degree/Title |
Ph.D. – Wrocław University of Science and Technology, scientific discipline of environmental engineering, mining and energy |
Short Bio | Since 2016, she has been a researcher and lecturer at the Institute of Environmental Engineering. Member of the Leading Research Groups on Water-Climate-Environment (WCE). Didactically related to aspects of sanitary technology. In terms of research, she deepens her knowledge of hydraulic modelling of water supply networks, hydrodynamic modelling of sewage networks, detection of the operating condition of the water supply system using computational intelligence, and monitoring of water and wastewater distribution systems. |
Research interest | monitoring of water supply system, data analysis, hydraulic modelling, detection of water supply system condition |
Teaching/Training |
|
Projects |
Research:
Educational:
|
PhD Michał Śpitalniak |
|
Degree/Title |
M.Sc., Eng. – Wrocław Univeristy of Environmental and Life Sciences PhD – Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences |
Short Bio |
Research and teaching staff member at the Institute of Environmental Engineering. Member of the Water-Climate-Environment (WCE) leading research group. Deals with rationalisation of soil water management in the aspect of environmental engineering. Involved in a research team developing innovative technology of water absorbing geocomposites. Co-author of publications promoting good practices in water resources management. Proposed solutions to support the economy, society, environment and cities in adaptation to climate change.He completed a scientific internship at the Ruprecht-Karol University in Heidelberg (Federal Republic of Germany). As part of the internship, he carried out a project entitled "Economic and technical assessment of soil water retainers and soil mineral additives for their possible usage in mitigation of water scarcities and climate change effects.” |
Research interest | Water absorbing geocomposite, soil water retention, soil additives, erosion control, fluid mechanics, model testing of water facilities, city’s adaptation to climate changes |
Teaching/Training |
|
Projects |
|
Paweł Tomczyk |
|
Degree/Title |
06.2017: MSc. – Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences 04.2022: PhD – Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences |
Short Bio | Research assistant at the Institute of Environmental Engineering, Department of Hydrology and Water Management, member of the Leading Research Team – Water-Climate-Environment (WCE). Specialist in the field of environmental protection and engineering. His main research interests concern the impact of hydropower plants on the quality of surface waters, properties of bottom sediments and hydrological conditions in rivers, along with the issues of minimizing environmental pressures and their modeling. He also has experience in research related to the implementation of innovative methods of improving water quality in water reservoirs, including their restoration and monitoring of environmental changes. In his research, he places great emphasis on the implementation of the goals of sustainable development, i.e. environmental, economic and social aspects. Participant of numerous conferences, courses and industry trainings, especially in the field of rational management of water resources, environmental monitoring and nature protection. Since 2018, he has been cooperating with KU Leuven in Belgium, where he took a 5-month research trip. In the years 2019-2022 he was a contractor in the project "Innovative method of improving water quality in multifunctional retention reservoirs" financed under the BIOSTRATEG program (The National Centre for Research and Development, Poland), and from 2022 he is the project manager of the project "Investigation of water quality changes in river systems used for power generation - modelling of the changes in the elements of ecological status of water” in the PRELUDIUM pre-doctoral grant (The National Science Center, Poland). |
Research interest | hydropower, water quality, environmental impacts, renewable energy sources, sustainable development, water management |
Teaching/Training |
|
Projects |
|
Paweł Wiercik |
|
Degree/Title |
Dr – Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences |
Short Bio | Researcher and lecturer at Division of Infrastructure and Sanitary Technologies, at Institute of Environmental Engineering. He deals with issues associated with water and wastewater treatment as well as with the possibilities of using technological wastewater and waste generated at water and wastewater treatment plants. The result of these works is the use of the aeration process to treat spent filter backwash water from backwashing of rapid filters at the groundwater treatment plants, which enables its recirculation to the head of the water treatment process, thereby saving the costs of its management and costs of water intake. The another achievement is the production of nitrite concentrate by concentration of the nitrogen present in the digester reject water from dewatering of sludge in the ion exchange process. The concentrate can be applied to reduce the odor nuisance of hydrogen sulphide in the sewage system. Currently, his scientific activity is mainly focused on the application of infrared spectroscopy and image analysis in the research on qualitative changes in materials used in water and wastewater treatment, especially ion exchange resins. |
Research interest | groundwater, water and wastewater treatment, ion exchangers, FTIR spectroscopy in environmental engineering |
Teaching/Training |
|
Projects |
|